1. Aach H, Bode H, Robinson DG, Graebe JE. 1997. ent-Kaurene synthase is located in proplastids of meristematic shoot tissues. Planta 202:211–19
2. Aach H, Böse G, Graebe JE. 1995. ent-Kaurene biosynthesis in a cell-free system from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings and the localisation of ent-kaurene synthetase in plastids of three species. Planta 197:333–42
3. Adams R, Kerber E, Pfister K, Weiler EW. 1992. Studies on the action of the new growth retardant CGA 163'935 (cimectacarb).
4. Anderson JD, Moore TC. 1967. Biosynthesis of (-)-kaurene in cell-free extracts of immature pea seeds. Plant Physiol. 42:1527–34
5. Asami T, Yoshida S. 1999. Brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitors. Trends Plant Sci. 4:348–53
6. Belefant H, Fong F. 1991. Abscisic acid biosynthesis in Zea mays embryos: influence of tetcyclacis and regulation by osmotic potential. Plant Sci. 78:19–25
7. Benton JM, Cobb AH. 1997. Modification of phytosterol profiles and in vitro photosynthetic electron transport of Galium aparine L. (cleavers) treated with the fungicide, epoxiconazole. Plant Growth Regul. 22:93–100
8. Benveniste P. 1986. Sterol biosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37:275–308
9. Böger P. 1989. New plant-specific targets for future herbicides. In Target Sites of Herbicide Action, ed. P Böger, G Sandmann,pp. 247–82. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
10. Brian PW, Grove JF, Mulholl TPC. 1967. Relationships between structure and growth-promoting activity of the gibberellins and some allied compounds, in four test systems. Phytochemistry 6:1475–99
11. Brown RGS, Kawaide H, Yang YY, Rademacher W, Kamiya Y. 1997. Daminozide and prohexadione have similar modes of action as inhibitors of late stages of gibberellin metabolism. Physiol. Plant. 101:309–13
12. Brown RGS, Yan L, Beale MH, Hedden P. 1998. Inhibition of gibberellin 3ß-hydroxylase by novel acylcyclohexanedione derivatives. Phytochemistry 47:679–87
13. Buchenauer H, Kutzner B, Koths T. 1984. Wirkung verschiedener Triazol-Fungizide auf das Wachstum von Getreidekeimlingen und Tomatenpflanzen sowie auf die Gibberellingehalte und den Lipidstoffwechsel von Gerstenkeimlingen. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 91:506–24
14. Buchenauer H, Röhner E. 1981. Effect of triadimefon and triadimenol on growth of various plant species as well as on gibberellin content and sterol metabolism in shoots of barley seedlings. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 15:58–70
15. Burden RS, Carter GA, Clark T, Cooke DT, Croker SJ, et al.1987. Comparative activity of the enantiomers of triadimenol and paclobutrazol as inhibitors of fungal growth and plant sterol and gibberellin biosynthesis. Pestic. Sci. 21:253–67
16. Burden RS, Clark T, Holloway PJ. 1987. Effects of sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides and plant growth regulators on the sterol composition of barley plants. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 27:289–300
17. Burden RS, Cooke DT, Carter GA. 1989. Inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis and growth in plants and fungi. Phytochemistry 28:1791–804
18. Burden RS, Cooke DT, White PJ, James CS. 1987. Effects of the growth retardant tetcyclacis on the sterol composition of oat (Avena sativa). Plant Growth Regul. 5:207–17
19. Bürstell HW, Hacker E, Schmierer R. 1988. HOE 074784 and analogues: a new synthetic group of highly active plant growth retardants in cereals (esp. rice) and rape. In Proc. 15th Annu. Meet. Plant Growth Regulator Soc. Am., ed. AR Cooke,p. 185. Ithaca, NY: Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am.
20. Buta JG, Spaulding DW. 1991. Effect of paclobutrazol on abscisic acid levels in wheat seedlings. J. Plant Growth Regul. 10:59–61
21. Canivenc MC, Cagnac B, Cabanne F, Scalla R. 1989. Induced changes of chlortoluron metabolism in wheat cell suspension cultures. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 27:192–201
22. Cathey HM. 1964. Physiology of growth retarding chemicals. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 15:271–302
23. Cerdon C, Rahier A, Taton M, Benveniste P. 1995. Effects of tetcyclacis on growth and on sterol and sapogenin content in fenugreek. J. Plant Growth Regul. 14:15–22
24. Chappell J. 1995. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 46:521–47 [Abstract]
25. Cho KY, Sakurai A, Kamiya Y, Takahashi N, Tamara S. 1979. Effects of the new plant growth retardants of quaternary ammonium iodides on gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi. Plant Cell Physiol. 20:75–81
25A. Clifford DR, Lenton JR, eds.1980. Recent Developments in the Use of Plant Growth Retardants. Monogr. No. 4. Wantage: Br. Plant Growth Regul. Group
26. Clouse SD, Sasse JM. 1998. Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49:427–51 [Abstract/Full Text]
27. Cole DJ, Owen WJ. 1987. Influence of monooxygenase inhibitors on the metabolism of the herbicides chlortoluron and metolachlor in cell suspension cultures. Plant Sci. 50:13–20
28. Coolbaugh RC, Hamilton R. 1976. Inhibition of ent-kaurene oxidation and growth by {alpha}-cyclopropyl-{alpha}-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol. Plant Physiol. 57:245-48
29. Coolbaugh RC, Heil DR, West CA. 1982. Comparative effects of substituted pyrimidines on growth and gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi. Plant Physiol. 69:712–16
30. Coolbaugh RC, Hirano SS, West CA. 1978. Studies on the specificity and site of action of {alpha}-cyclopropyl-{alpha}-[p-methoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimidine methyl alcohol (ancymidol), a plant growth regulator. Plant Physiol. 62:571–76
31. Costa G, Andreotti C, Bucchi F, Sabatini E, Bazzi C, et al.2000. Prohexadione-Ca (Apogee): growth regulation and reduced fire blight incidence in pear. HortScience. In press
32. Cutler AJ, Krochko JE. 1999. Formation and breakdown of ABA. Trends Plant Sci. 4:472–78 [Medline]
32A. Davies PJ, ed.1995. Plant Hormones. Dordrecht: Kluwer
33. De Carolis E, De Luca V. 1994. 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase and related enzymes: biochemical characterization. Phytochemistry 36:1093–107 [Medline]
34. Dicks JW. 1980. Mode of action of growth retardants. See Ref. 25A,pp. 1–14
35. Douglas TJ, Paleg LG. 1972. Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis by 2-isopropyl-4-dimethylamino-5-methylphenyl-1-pieperidine carboxylate methyl chloride in tobacco and rat liver preparations. Plant Physiol. 49:417–20
36. Douglas TJ, Paleg LG. 1974. Plant growth retardants as inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis in tobacco seedlings. Plant Physiol. 54:238–45
37. Douglas TJ, Paleg LG. 1978. AMO 1618 and sterol biosynthesis in tissues and sub-cellular fractions of tobacco seedlings. Phytochemistry 17:705–12
38. Douglas TJ, Paleg LG. 1981. Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis and stem elongation of tobacco seedlings induced by some hypocholesterolemic agents. J. Exp. Bot. 32:59–68
39. Duriatti A, Bouvier-Navé P, Benveniste P, Schuber F, Delprino L, et al.1985. In vitro inhibition of animal and higher plants 2,3-oxidosqualene-sterol cyclases by 2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene and derivatives, and by other ammonium containing molecules. Biochem. Pharmacol. 34:2765–77 [Medline]
40. Evans JR, Evans RR, Regusci CL, Rademacher W. 1999. Mode of action, metabolism, and uptake of BAS 125W, prohexadione-calcium. HortScience 34:9–10
41. Evans LT, King RW, Mander LN, Pharis RP, Duncan KA. 1994. The differential effects of C-16,17-dihydro gibberellins and related compounds on stem elongation and flowering in Lolium temulentum. Planta 193:107–14
42. Fletcher RA, Arnold V. 1986. Stimulation of cytokinins and chlorophyll synthesis in cucumber cotyledons by triadimefon. Physiol. Plant. 66:197–201
43. Fletcher RA, Gilley A, Sankhla N, Davis TD. 1999. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Hortic. Rev. 23:55–138
44. Forkmann G, Heller W. 1999. Biosynthesis of flavonoids. In Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, ed. D Barton, K Nakanishi, O Meth-Cohn,pp. 713–48. Amsterdam: Elsevier
45. Foster KR, Lee IJ, Pharis RP, Morgan PW. 1997. Effects of ring D-modified gibberellins on gibberellin levels and development in selected Sorghum bicolor maturity genotypes. J. Plant Growth Regul. 16:79–87
46. Frost RG, West CA. 1977. Properties of kaurene synthetase from Marah macrocarpus. Plant Physiol. 59:22–29
47. Fujioka S, Sakurai A. 1997. Biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids. Physiol. Plant. 100:710–15
48. Funaki Y, Yoneyoshi Y, Ishiguri Y, Izumi K. 1984. Optical isomer of triazolylpentenols, and their production and use as fungicide, herbicide and/or plant growth regulant. Eur. Patent No. 0 121 284
49. Garrod JF, Hewitt HG, Copping LG, Greenwood D. 1980. A new group of ternary sulphonium growth retardants. See Ref. 25A,pp. 67–74
49A. Gausman HW, ed.1991. Plant Biochemical Regulators. New York: Marcel Dekker
50. Gianfagna T. 1995. Natural and synthetic growth regulators and their use in horticultural and agronomic crops. See Ref. 32A,pp. 751–73
51. Graebe JE. 1987. Gibberellin biosynthesis and control. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38:419–65
52. Graebe JE, Böse G, Grosselindemann E, Hedden P, Aach H, et al.1992. The biosynthesis of ent-kaurene in germinating seeds and the function of 2-oxoglutarate in gibberellin biosynthesis. See Ref. 93A,pp. 545–54
53. Graebe JE, Lange T, Pertsch S, Stöckl D. 1991. The relationship of different gibberellin biosynthetic pathways in Cucurbita maxima endosperm and embryos and the purification of a C-20 oxidase from the endosperm. See Ref. 161A,pp. 51–61
54. Griggs DL, Hedden P, Temple-Smith KE, Rademacher W. 1991. Inhibition of gibberellin 2ß-hydroxylases by acylcyclohexanedione derivatives. Phytochemistry 30:2513–17
55. Grossmann K. 1992. Plant growth retardants: their mode of action and benefit for physiological research. See Ref. 93A,pp. 788–97
56. Grossmann K, Häuser C, Sauerbrey E, Fritsch H, Schmidt O, et al.1989. Plant growth retardants as inhibitors of ethylene production. J. Plant Physiol. 134:538–43
57. Grossmann K, König-Kranz S, Kwiatkowski J. 1994. Phytohormonal changes in intact shoots of wheat and oilseed rape treated with the acylcyclohexanedione growth retardant prohexadione calcium. Physiol. Plant. 90:139–43
58. Grossmann K, Siefert F, Kwiatkowski J, Schraudner M, Langebartels C, et al.1993. Inhibition of ethylene production in sunflower cell suspensions by the plant growth retardant BAS 111.W: possible relations to changes in polyamine and cytokinin contents. J. Plant Growth Regul. 12:5–11
59. Grossmann KE, Weiler W, Jung J. 1985. Effects of different sterols on the inhibition of cell culture growth caused by the growth retardant tetcyclacis. Planta 164:370–75
60. Gussman CD, Salas S, Gianfagna TJ. 1993. Daminozide inhibits ethylene production in apple fruit by blocking the conversion of methionine to aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Plant Growth Regul. 12:149–54
61. Harada H, Lang A. 1965. Effect of some 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride analogs and other growth retardants on gibberellin biosynthesis in Fusarium moniliforme. Plant Physiol. 40:176–83 [Medline]
62. Hartmann MA. 1998. Plant sterols and the membrane environment. Trends Plant Sci. 3:170–75
63. Hashimoto T. 1987. Gibberellin structure-dependent interaction between gibberellins and deoxygibberellin C in the growth of dwarf maize seedlings. Plant Physiol. 83:910–14
64. Hashimoto T, Tamura S, Mori K, Matsui M. 1967. Inhibitive and promotive effect of deoxygibberellin C and its methyl ester on plant growth. Plant Physiol. 42:886–88
65. Hasson EP, West CA. 1976. Properties of the system for the mixed function oxidation of kaurene and kaurene derivatives in microsomes of the immature seed of Marah macrocarpus: cofactor requirements. Plant Physiol. 58:473–78
66. Hasson EP, West CA. 1976. Properties of the system for the mixed function oxidation of kaurene and kaurene derivatives in microsomes of the immature seed of Marah macrocarpus: electron transfer components. Plant Physiol. 58:479–84
67. Haughan PA, Lenton JR, Goad LJ. 1988. Sterol requirements and paclobutrazol inhibition of a celery cell culture. Phytochemistry 27:2491–500
68. Hedden P. 1990. The action of plant growth retardants at the biochemical level. See Ref. 132A,pp. 322–32
69. Hedden P. 1991. Gibberellin biosynthetic enzymes and the regulation of gibberellin concentrations. See Ref. 161A,pp. 94–105
70. Hedden P. 1997. The oxidases of gibberellin biosynthesis: their function and mechanism. Physiol. Plant. 101:709–19
71. Hedden P. 1999. Recent advances in gibberellin biosynthesis. J. Exp. Bot. 50:553–63 [Abstract]
72. Hedden P, Croker SJ, Rademacher W, Jung J. 1989. Effects of the triazole-type plant growth retardant BAS 111..W on gibberellin levels in oilseed rape, Brassica napus. Physiol. Plant. 75:445–51
73. Hedden P, Graebe JE. 1985. Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis by paclobutrazol in cell-free homogenates of Cucurbita maxima endosperm and Malus pumila embryos. J. Plant Growth Regul. 4:111–22
74. Hedden P, Kamiya Y. 1997. Gibberellin biosynthesis: enzymes, genes and their regulation. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:431–60 [Abstract/Full Text]
75. Hedden P, Proebsting WM. 1999. Genetic analysis of gibberellin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 119:365–70 [Full Text]
76. Hellwege EM, Hartung W. 1997. Synthesis, metabolism and compartmentation of abscisic acid in Riccia fluitans L. J. Plant Physiol. 150:287–91
77. Hildebrandt E. 1982. Der Einfluss von ausgewählten Wachstumshemmern auf die Gibberellinbiosynthese in zellfreien Systemen. Diploma thesis. Univ. Göttingen, Ger.
78. Hisamatsu T, Koshioka M, Kubota S, King RW. 1998. Effect of gibberellin A4 and GA biosynthesis inhibitors on growth and flowering of stock [Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.] J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 67:537–43
79. Hoad GV. 1983. Gibberellin bioassays and structure-activity relationships. In The Biochemistry and Physiology of Gibberellins, ed. A Crozier,2:57–94. New York: Praeger
79A. Hoad GV, Lenton JR, Jackson MB, Atkin RK, eds.1987. Hormone Action in Plant Development. London: Butterworths
80. Hoffmann G. 1992. Use of plant growth regulators in arable crops: survey and outlook. See Ref. 93A,pp. 798–808
81. Hofstra G, Krieg LC, Fletcher RA. 1989. Uniconazole reduces ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid and increases spermine levels in mung bean seedlings. J. Plant Growth Regul. 8:45–51
82. Ilan A, Dougall DK. 1992. The effect of growth retardants on anthocyanin production in carrot cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep. 11:304–9
83. Iturriagagoitia-Bueno T, Gibson EJ, Schofield CJ, John P. 1996. Inhibition of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase by 2-oxoacids. Phytochemistry 43:343–49
84. Izumi K, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Oshio H, Takahashi N. 1985. Studies of sites of action of a new plant growth retardant (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (S-3307) and comparative effects of its stereoisomers in a cell-free system from Cucurbita maxima. Plant Cell Physiol. 26:821–27
85. Izumi K, Yamaguchi I, Wada A, Oshio H, Takahashi N. 1984. Effects of a new plant growth retardant (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-penten-3-ol (S-3307) on the growth and gibberellin content of rice plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 25:611–17
86. Jia WS, Zhang JH. 1999. Stomatal closure is induced rather by prevailing xylem abscisic acid than by accumulated amount of xylem-derived abscisic acid. Physiol. Plant. 106:268–75
87. Jung J. 1979. Possibilities for optimization of plant nutrition by new agro-chemical substances—especially in cereals. In Plant Regulation and World Agriculture, ed. TK Scott,pp. 279–307. New York: Plenum
88. Jung J, Koch H, Rieber N, Würzer B. 1980. Zur wachstumsregulierenden Wirkung von Triazolin- und Aziridinderivaten des Norbornenodiazetins. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 149:128–36
89. Jung J, Luib M, Sauter H, Zeeh B, Rademacher W. 1987. Growth regulation in crop plants with new types of triazole compounds. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 158:324–32
90. Junttila O, Jensen E, Ernstsen A. 1991. Effects of prohexadione (BX-112) and gibberellins on shoot growth in seedlings of Salix pentandra. Physiol. Plant. 83:17–21
91. Junttila O, King RW, Poole A, Kretschmer G, Pharis RP, et al.1997. Regulation in Lolium temulentum of the metabolism of gibberellin A20 and gibberellin A1 by 16,17-dihydro GA5 and by the growth retardant, LAB 198 999. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 24:359–69
92. Kamiya Y, Kwak SS. 1991. Partial characterization of the gibberellin 3ß-hydroxylase from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris. See Ref. 161A,pp. 72–82
93. Kamiya Y, Nakayama I, Kobayashi M. 1992. Useful probes to study the biosynthesis of gibberellins. See Ref. 93A,pp. 555–65
93A. Karssen CM, van Loon LC, Vreugdenhil D, eds.1992. Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Dordrecht: Kluwer
94. Katagi T, Mikami N, Matsuda T, Miyamoto J. 1987. Structural studies of the plant growth regulator uniconazole (ES pure) and computer-aided analysis of its interaction with cytochrome P-450. J. Pestic. Sci. 12:627–33
95. Kende H, Ninnemann H, Lang A. 1963. Inhibition of gibberellic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium moniliforme by AMO-1618 and CCC. Naturwissenschaften 18:599–600
96. King RW, Blundell C, Evans LT, Mander LN, Wood JT. 1997. Modified gibberellins retard growth of cool-season turfgrasses. Crop Sci. 37:1878–83
97. Kochs G, Grisebach H. 1987. Induction and characterization of a NADPH-dependent flavone synthase from cell cultures of soybean. Z. Naturforsch. Teil C 42:343–48
98. Kraus TE, Murr DP, Hofstra G, Fletcher RA. 1992. Modulation of ethylene synthesis in acotyledonous soybean and wheat seedlings. J. Plant Growth Regul. 11:47–53
99. Krochko JE, Abrams GD, Loewen MK, Abrams SR, Cutler AJ. 1998. (+)-Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Plant Physiol. 118:849–60 [Abstract/Full Text]
100. Kwak SS, Kamiya Y, Sakurai A, Takahashi N, Graebe JE. 1988. Partial purification and characterization of gibberellin 3ß-hydroxylase from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant Cell Physiol. 29:935–43
101. Lange T, Graebe JE. 1993. Enzymes of gibberellin synthesis. In Methods in Plant Biochemistry, ed. PJ Lea,9:403–30. London: Academic
102. Leah JM, Worrall TL, Cobb AH. 1989. Metabolism of bentazon in soybean and the influence of tetcyclacis, BAS 110 and BAS 111. In Brighton Crop Prot. Conf.—Weeds,pp. 433–40. Croydon: Br. Crop Prot. Counc.
103. Lee IJ, Foster KR, Morgan PW. 1998. Effect of gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors on native gibberellin content and floral initiation in Sorghum bicolor. J. Plant Growth Regul. 17:185–95 [Medline]
104. Lenton JR, Hedden P, Gale MD. 1987. Gibberellin insensitivity and depletion in wheat—consequences for development. See Ref. 79A,pp. 145–60
105. Lever BG, Shearing SJ, Batch JJ. 1982. PP 333–-a new broad spectrum growth retardant. In Brighton Crop Prot. Conf.—Weeds,1:3–10. Croydon: Br. Crop Prot. Counc.
106. Lichtenthaler HK. 1999. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50:47–65 [Abstract/Full Text]
107. Linser H, Bettner L. 1972. Wachstums-retardantien. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 132:105–43
108. Looney NE. 1968. Inhibition of apple ripening by succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide. Plant Physiol. 43:1133–37
109. Lürssen K. 1987. The use of inhibitors of gibberellin and sterol biosynthesis to probe hormone action. See Ref. 79A,pp. 133–44
110. Lürssen K, Reiser W. 1987. Triapenthenol—a new plant growth regulator. Pestic. Sci. 19:153–64
111. Luster DG, Miller PA. 1993. Triazole plant growth regulator binding to native and detergent-solubilized plant microsomal cytochrome P450. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 46:27–39
112. MacMillan J. 1997. Biosynthesis of the gibberellin plant hormones. Nat. Prod. Rep. 1997:221–43
113. Mandava NB. 1988. Plant growth-promoting brassinosteroids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:23–52
114. Mander LN, Adamson G, Bhaskar VK, Twitchin B, Camp D, et al.1998. Effects of 17-alkyl-16,17-dihydrogibberellin A5 derivatives on growth and flowering in Lolium temulentum. Phytochemistry 49:1509–15 [Medline]
115. Mander LN, Camp D, Evans LT, King RW, Pharis RP, et al.1995. Designer gibberellins: the quest for specific activity. Acta Hortic. 394:45–55
116. Mander LN, Sherburn M, Camp D, King RW, Evans LT, et al.1998. Effects of D-ring modified gibberellins on flowering and growth of Lolium temulentum. Phytochemistry 49:2195–206
117. McKeon TA, Fernándes-Maculet JC, Yang SF. 1995. Biosynthesis and metabolism of ethylene. See Ref. 32A,pp. 118–39
118. Menhenett R. 1980. Use of retardants on glasshouse crops. See Ref. 25A,pp. 27–39
119. Miki T, Kamiya Y, Fukazawa M, Ichikawa T, Sakurai A. 1990. Sites of inhibition by a plant-growth regulator, 4'-chloro-2'-({alpha}-hydroxybenzyl)-isonicotinanilide (inabenfide), and its related compounds in the biosynthesis of gibberellins. Plant Cell Physiol. 31:201–6
120. Min XJ, Bartholomew DP. 1996. Effect of plant growth regulators on ethylene production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity, and initiation of inflorescence development of pineapple. J. Plant Growth Regul. 15:121–28
121. Mitchell JW, Wirwille JW, Weil L. 1949. Plant growth-regulating properties of some nicotinium compounds. Science 110:252–54
122. Morel DE, Corbin FT, McFarl JE. 1993. Oxidation of multiple substrates by corn shoot microsomes. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 47:206–14
123. Müller U, Huxley P, Ebert E. 1987. Computer assisted molecular modelling (CAMM)—A tool for structure-activity considerations of inhibitors of the enzymatic oxidation of ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid. In Pesticide Science and Biotechnology. Proc. Int. Congr. Pestic. Chem., 1986, 6th, ed. R Greenhalgh, TR Roberts,pp. 69–72. Oxford: Blackwell
124. Nakayama I, Kamiya Y, Kobayashi M, Abe H, Sakurai A. 1990. Effect of a plant growth regulator, prohexadione, on the biosynthesis of gibberellins in cell-free systems derived from immature seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 31:1183–90
125. Nakayama I, Miyazawa T, Kobayashi M, Kamiya Y, Abe H, et al.1990. Effects of a new plant growth regulator prohexadione calcium (BX-112) on shoot elongation caused by exogenously applied gibberellins in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol. 31:195–200
126. Nakayama I, Miyazawa T, Kobayashi M, Kamiya Y, Abe H, et al.1991. Studies on the action of the plant growth regulators BX-112, DOCHC, and DOCHC-Et. See Ref. 161A,pp. 311–19
127. Nakayama M, Yamane H, Murofushi N, Takahashi N, Mander LN, et al.1991. Gibberellin biosynthetic pathway and the physiologically active gibberellin in the shoot of Cucumis sativus L. J. Plant Growth Regul. 10:115–19
128. Nes WD, Venkatramesh M. 1999. Enzymology of phytosterol transformations. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34:81–93 [Medline]
129. Nickell LG, ed.1983. Plant Growth Regulating Chemicals, Vols. 1. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
130. Ninnemann H, Zeevaart JAD, Kende H, Lang A. 1964. The plant growth retardant CCC as inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis in Fusarium moniliforme. Planta 61:229–35
131. Nitsche K, Grossmann K, Sauerbrey E, Jung J. 1985. Influence of the growth retardant tetcyclacis on cell division and cell elongation in plants and cell cultures of sunflower, soybean, and maize. J. Plant Physiol. 118:209–18
132. Olsen JE, Junttila O. 1997. Growth-promoting activity of gibberellins on shoot elongation in Salix pentandra is reduced by 16,17-dihydro derivatisation. Physiol. Plant. 99:63–66
132A. Pharis RP, Rood SB, eds.1990. Plant Growth Substances 1988. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
133. Phinney BO. 1984. Gibberellin A1, dwarfism and the control of shoot elongation in higher plants. In The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Plant Hormones, ed. A Crozier, JR Hillman,pp. 17–41. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
134. Rademacher W. 1991. Inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis: applications in agriculture and horticulture. See Ref. 161A,pp. 296–310
135. Rademacher W. 1991. Biochemical effects of plant growth retardants. See Ref. 49A,pp. 169–200
136. Rademacher W. 1992. Inhibition of gibberellin production in the fungi Gibberella fujikuroi and Sphaceloma manihoticola by plant growth retardants. Plant Physiol. 100:625–29
137. Rademacher W. 1993. On the mode of action of acylcyclohexanediones—a new type of plant growth retardant with possible relationships to daminozide. Acta Hortic. 329:31–34
138. Rademacher W. 1997. Gibberellins. In Fungal Biotechnology, ed. T. Anke,pp. 193–205. Weinheim: Chapman & Hall
139. Rademacher W. 1997. Bioregulation in crop plants with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis In Proc. Annu. Meet. Plant Growth Regulation Soc. Am., 24th, ed. JG Latimer,pp. 27–31. LaGrange: Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am.
140. Rademacher W, Fritsch H, Graebe JE, Sauter H, Jung J. 1987. Tetcyclacis and triazole-type plant growth retardants: their influence on the biosynthesis of gibberellins and other metabolic processes. Pestic. Sci. 21:241–52
141. Rademacher W, Pharis RP, Mander LN. 1999. Agricultural use of new GA derivatives. Jpn. J. Crop Sci. 68:362–67
142. Rademacher W, Speakman JB, Evans RR, Evans JR, Römmelt S, et al.1998. Prohexadione-Ca—a new plant growth regulator for apple with interesting biochemical features. In Proc. Annu. Meet. Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am., 25th, ed. WE Shafer,pp. 113–18. LaGrange: Plant Growth Regul. Soc. Am.
143. Rademacher W., Temple-Smith KE, Griggs DL, Hedden P. 1992. The mode of action of acylcyclohexanediones—a new type of plant growth retardant. See Ref. 93A,pp. 571–77
144. Rohmer M. 1999. The discovery of a mevalonate-independent pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in bacteria, algae and higher plants. Nat. Prod. Rep. 16:565–74 [Medline]
145. Römmelt S, Treutter D, Speakman JB, Rademacher W. 1999. Effects of prohexadione-Ca on the flavonoid metabolism of apple with respect to plant resistance against fire blight. Acta Hortic. 489:359–63
146. Ross JJ. 1994. Recent advances in the study of gibberellin mutants. Plant Growth Regul. 15:193–206
147. Saishoji T, Kumazawa S, Chuman H. 1998. Structure-activity relationships of enantiomers of the azole fungizide ipconazole and its related compounds—fungicidal and plant growth inhibitory activities. J. Pestic. Sci. 23:129–36
148. Saito T, Kwak SS, Kamiya Y, Yamane H, Sakurai A, et al.1991. Effects of deoxygibberellin C (DGC) and 16-deoxo-DGC on gibberellin 3ß-hydroxylase and plant growth. Plant Cell Physiol. 32:239–45
149. Santes CM, García-Martínez JL. 1995. Effect of the growth retardant 3,5-dioxo-4-butyryl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester, an acylcyclohexanedione compound, on fruit growth and gibberellin content of pollinated and unpollinated ovaries in pea. Plant Physiol. 108:517–23
150. Sauter H. 1984. Chemical aspects of some bioregulators. In Bioregulators: Chemistry and Uses, ed. RL Ory, FR Rittig,pp. 9–21. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.
151. Schott PE, Walter H. 1991. Bioregulators: present and future fields of application. See Ref. 49A,pp. 247–321
152. Schuler MA. 1996. Plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 15:235–84
153. Shechter I, West CA. 1969. Biosynthesis of gibberellins. IV. Biosynthesis of cyclic diterpenes from trans-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 244:3200–9 [Medline]
154. Shirakawa N, Tomioka H, Takeuchi M, Kanzaki M, Fukazawa M, et al.1986. Effect of a new plant growth retardant N-[4-chloro-2-({alpha}-hydroxybenzyl)phenyl]- isonicotinamide (CGR-811) on the growth of rice plants. In Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture, ed. P Macgregor,pp. 1–17. Taipei: Food Fertil. Technol. Cent. Asian Pac. Reg.
155. Shive JB, Sisler HD. 1976. Effects of ancymidol (a growth retardant) and triarimol (a fungicide) on the growth, sterols, and gibberellins of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Plant Physiol. 57:640–44
156. Smith VA, Albone KS, MacMillan J. 1991. Enzymatic 3ß-hydroxylations of gibberellins A20 and A5. See Ref. 161A,pp. 62–71
157. Sponsel VM. 1995. Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism. In Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ed. PJ Davies,pp. 66–97. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff
158. Sponsel VM, Reid JB. 1992. The effect of the growth retardant LAB 198 999 and its interaction with gibberellins A1, A3, and A20 in fruit growth of tall and dwarf peas. See Ref. 93A,pp. 578–84
159. Stich K, Ebermann R, Forkmann G. 1988. Einfluß Cytochrom P-450-spezifischer Inhibitoren auf die Aktivität von Flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase und Flavonsynthase II bei verschiedenen Pflanzen. Phyton (Austria) 28:237–47
160. Sugavanam B. 1984. Diastereoisomers and enantiomers of paclobutrazol: their preparation and biological activity. Pestic. Sci. 15:296–302
161. Takagi M, Pearce DW, Janzen LM, Pharis RP. 1994. Effect of exo-16,17-dihydro-gibberellin A5 on gibberellin A20 metabolism in seedlings of dwarf rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tan-ginbozu). Plant Growth Regul. 15:207–13
161A. Takahashi N, Phinney BO, MacMillan J, eds.1991. Gibberellins. New York: Springer-Verlag
162. Taton M, Ullman P, Benveniste P, Rahier A. 1988. Interaction of triazole fungicides and plant growth regulators with microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent obtusifoliol 14{alpha}-methyl demethylase. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 30:178–89
163. Tolbert NE. 1960. (2-Chloroethyl)-trimethylammoniumchloride and related compounds as plant growth substances. I. Chemical structure and bioassay. J. Biol. Chem. 235:475–79
164. Tolbert NE. 1960. (2-Chloroethyl)-trimethylammoniumchloride and related compounds as plant growth substances. II. Effect on growth of wheat. Plant Physiol. 35:380–85
165. Tschabold EE, Taylor HM, Davenport JD, Hackler RE, Krumkalns EV, et al.1970. A new plant growth regulator. Plant Physiol. 46:S19
166. Tudzynski B, Hölter K. 1998. Gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in Gibberella fujikuroi: evidence for a gene cluster. Fungal Genet. Biol. 25:157–70 [Medline]
167. Wada K. 1978. New gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors, 1-n-decyl- and 1-geranylimidazole: inhibitors of (-)-kaurene 19-oxidation. Agric. Biol. Chem. 42:2411–13
168. Wasternack C, Atzorn R, Leopold J, Feussner I, Rademacher W, et al.1995. Synthesis of jasmonate-induced proteins in barley (Hordeum vulgare) is inhibited by the growth retardant tetcyclacis. Physiol. Plant. 94:335–41
169. Weisshaar B, Jenkins GI. 1998. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and its regulation. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1:251–57 [Medline]
170. West CA. 1973. Biosynthesis of gibberellins. In Biosynthesis and Its Control in Plants, ed. BV Millborrow,pp. 143–69. New York: Academic
171. Williams DR, Ross JJ, Reid JB, Potts BM. 1999. Response of Eucalyptus nitens seedlings to gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. Plant Growth Regul. 27:125–29
172. Wimmer G, Halbwirth H, Wurst F, Forkmann G, Stich K. 1998. Enzymatic hydroxylation of 6'-deoxychalcones with protein preparations from petals of Dahlia variabilis. Phytochemistry 47:1013–16
173. Winkler VW. 1997. Reduced risk concept for prohexadione-calcium, a vegetative growth control plant growth regulator in apples. Acta Hortic. 451:667–71
174. Winter J, Schneider B, Strack D, Adam G. 1997. Role of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase in the hydroxylation of 24-epi-brassinolide. Phytochemistry 45:233–37
175. Yoder KS, Miller SS, Byers RE. 1999. Suppression of fireblight in apple shoots by prohexadione-calcium following experimental and natural inoculation conditions. HortScience 34:1202–4
176. Yokota T. 1997. The structure, biosynthesis and function of brassinosteroids. Trends Plant Sci. 4:137–43
177. Yokota T, Nakamura Y, Takahashi N, Nonaka M, Sekimoto H, et al.1991. Inconsistency between growth and endogenous levels of gibberellins, brassinosteroids, and sterols in Pisum sativum treated with uniconazole antipodes. See Ref. 161A,pp. 339–49
178. Zeeh B, König KH, Jung J. 1974. Development of a new plant growth regulator with biological activity related to CCC. Kemia (Helsinki)9:621–23
179. Zeevaart JAD. 1985. Inhibition of stem growth and gibberellin production in Agrostemma githago L. by the growth retardant tetcyclacis. Planta 166:276–79
180. Zeevaart JAD, Creelman RA. 1988. Metabolism and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:439–73
181. Zeevaart JAD, Gage DA, Creelman RA. 1990. Recent studies of the metabolism of abscisic acid. See Ref. 132A,pp. 233–40
182. Zeevaart JAD, Gage DA, Talon M. 1993. Gibberellin A1 is required for stem elongation in spinach. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7401–5 [Abstract]